I would check to see if the Central Administration Instance is even provisioned.
Open up PowerShell on the server and run:
Get-SPServiceInstance
What you're looking for is the status of the service instance "Central
Administration". If it is deprovisioned, you'll need to fire it up again.
From that same output, note the GUID of Central Administration.
Then run:
Start-SPServiceInstance -Identity <GUID>
A little while back I shut down all of the sharepoint services on a server in an
attempt to stop writing to the config database (so that we could set up the
mirrors.) Stopping the service SharePoint 2010 Administration actually removed
everything, the web app, the application pool, the whole nine yards. Gave me a
good scare. All of the data is still there though. I suspect running the
configuration wizard and telling to that you want that machine to host central
administration will have the same result.