programmatically you can do something like this

//IS CURRENT USER MEMBER OF THESE GROUPS
using (SPSite site = new SPSite(SHAREPOINT_SITE_URL_BASE))
{
using (SPWeb web = site.OpenWeb())
{
foreach (string groupName in
Enum.GetNames(typeof(WebConstants.SPGROUPS)))
{
SPGroup spGroup = web.Groups[groupName];
if (spGroup != null)
{
if (spGroup.ContainsCurrentUser)
{
SPUserGroupList.Add(groupName);
}
}
}
}
}

Not out of the box, no. Barracuda Tools has a product called DeliverPoint
that will help you discover the permissions and associations that a user has
throughout your Farm deployment.

do you have a web site for this tool?

DeliverPoint, www.barracudatools.com

be sure to register on the site and download the free trial.